Ideal rankine cycle
1-2: Isentropic expansion of superheated steam in the turbine.
2-3: Condensation in the condenser which converts steam into water. It is the constant pressure and constant
temperature heat rejection from steam which causes condensation. The volume is reduced about 1000 time in the condenser, thus saving huge amount of mechanical work.
3-4: Constant entropy pressure rise in the pump.
4-5: There is constant pressure heat supply in the economizer or with feed water heating.
5-6: Heat supply at constant temperature and pressure in the Boiler.
6-1: The steam is superheated at constant pressure.
4-5-6-1 ; This is the line of constant pressure.
5-6: Is the line of constant Temperature.
After expansion inside the turbine, the dryness fraction is kept more than 0.85, as high water content causes damage like rust etc.
To reduce mechanical work for pumping, we cool until saturated liquid is obtained and no steam content remains.
Actual rankine cycle
In actual Rankine cycle, the processes are deviated from those of Ideal Rankine cycle.
Solid lines are showing ideal processes and dotted lines are showing actual processes.
1’-2’: Actual adiabatic expansion of superheated steam in the turbine. Turbine is surrounded by insulating material such as fiber glass or asbestos to prevent heat loss.
2’-3’: Actual process of condensation.
3’-4’: Adiabatic rise in pressure in the pump.
S’2 is higher than S2 and S4 is higher than S4, showing that entropy is generated in these processes.
Isentropic Efficiency = Actual work/ Ideal work when expansion is isentropic.
Unfortunately, the entropy is generated in cases, the expansion and the compression.
4’-5’: Heating in the economizer.
5’-6’: Actual process of heating in the boiler.
6’-1’: Super-heating process in the super heater.
It must be mentioned here that all the process in the Rankine Cycle are control volume as mass is entering and leaving and also the heat and work.
Ideal rankine Cycle is a Cycle in which all the thermodynamic processes go ideally without losses and there is no entropy generation during any of the process.
In the figure below, the actual rankine cycle is shown on the T-S diagram.
Reheat rankine cycle:
The drawback of having high pressure in the boiler is the increase of water content at the blades steam turbine. To avoid this problem, reheat Rankine cycle is used.
The diagram for the Reheat Rankine cycle is shown.
We can enhance the thermal efficiency of the steam turbine power plant by reheating the steam coming from high pressure turbine, approximately to same temperature as the inlet of the first turbine and then passing it from an another turbine operating at low pressure, called low pressure turbine. By this arrangement, the dryness fraction at the exit of low pressure turbine is increase which is desirable to increase the thermal efficiency of the Plant.
The various processes in Reheat Rankine Cycle are:
1-2: Isentropic Expansion of superheated steam in the high pressure turbine.
2-3: Constant pressure reheating in the Re-heater.
3-4: Isentropic expansion in low pressure turbine.
4-5: Heat rejection in the condenser at constant temperature and pressure.
5-6: Isentropic pressure rise in the Pump.
6-7: Heating of subcooled liquid
7-1: Constant Pressure Reheating in the Boiler.
Heat supplied to the Boiler = h1 – h6 = Q1
Heat rejected to the condenser = h4 – h5 = Q2
Total Work output = Wt1 + Wt2 = Work done in low pressure turbine + Work done in high pressure turbine = (h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4)
Total Heat supplied = heat supplied in the Boiler + Heat supplied in the Re-heater = (h1 -h6) + (h3 – h2)
Thermal efficiency = Net work output/ Total heat supplied = {(h1 – h2) + (h3 – h4) – (h6 – h5)}/ {(h1 -h2) + (h3 – h2)}.